BooksBasic Pattern
Standard references to whole books
If you need to clarify the place of publication: Show
Book with an edition
Book with editors or translators when there is no author
Book with author(s) and editor(s)/translator(s)/illustrator(s)
Book with organization as author/editor
Book with organization as author which is also the publisher
as an option, the full publisher name may be given Book title in a language other than English
Book with place of publication inferred, or unknown place of publication
E-BooksBasic Pattern
Standard citation to a book on the Internet
Book on the Internet with an organization(s) as author
Book on the Internet with editors where there is no author
Book on the Internet with no authors or editors
Book on the Internet with an edition or version
Book on the Internet with date estimated
Book on the Internet with DOI included
Standard citation to a part of a book on the Internet with traditional page numbers for location (book chapter)
Chapter in a bookStandard chapter in a book
Standard reference to a chapter contributed to an edited book
Other named parts in a book with numbers
Other named parts in a book with letters
Dictionary or Encyclopaedia entry, unsigned
Signed encyclopedia article
Journal ArticleStandard journal article
Note, the abbreviation of the journal title is used. If the journal title consists of a single word, use whole word e.g.:
Journal article with many authorsSome journals require all authors to be included in the reference, others require three or six authors followed by "et al." or "and others". Check with lecturer for preference. to 3 authors
to 6 authors
Journal article with DOI provided
Journal article with organization as author
Journal article with governmental body as author
Journal article with no author provided
Journal article in a language other than Englishin a roman alphabet
in a non-roman alphabet
Journal article volume with supplement
Journal article with volume without issue
Journal article with an issue without a volume
Journal article with no volume or issue
Electronic JournalStandard journal article on the Internet
Note that the whole URL is used - but it must be a permanent link, do not use session URLS. Journal article on the Internet with organization(s) as author
Journal article on the Internet with no author
Journal article on the Internet with standard volume and issue
Journal article on the Internet with month(s)/day(s) included in date of publication
Journal article on the Internet with season(s) included in date of publication
Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as estimated number of screens
Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as paragraphs
Journal article on the Internet with DOI provided
Thesis & DissertationsStandard dissertation
Standard master's thesis
Dissertation or thesis with titles containing a chemical formula, Greek letter, or other special characters
Greek letters may be written out if special fonts are not available
or Goel R. Characterization of alpha-thrombin-induced rapid phase of PI 3-kinase [dissertation]. St. Louis (MO): Saint Louis University; 2004. 141 p. Dissertation or thesis in a microform
Dissertation or thesis with place of publication not found on title page
Dissertation or thesis submitted in more than one volume
Dissertation or thesis with note on specific type of degree
Dissertation or thesis accompanied by a CD-ROM, DVD, or other medium
Chapter in a dissertation or thesis
Table in a dissertation or thesis
Figure in a dissertation or thesis
Appendix in a dissertation or thesis
WEB ContentsStandard citation to a homepage
If you do not know the date of publication, use the date of copyright, e.g.:
Homepage with author(s)
Homepage with an organization(s) as author
Homepage with no authors or editors
Homepage with title having a subtitle
Note that the case of the title follows whatever is given on the page - if the title begins in lowercase on the web site, it should be listed the same way. Homepage in a language other than English
Homepage with place of publication inferredUse this when you can infer the place of publication from the context of the page, but it is not stated on the page
Otherwise, cite place of publication as per books:
Homepage with government agency or other national body as publisher
Homepage with author and publisher the same
Homepage with unknown publisher
Homepage with update/revision date
Homepage with no date of publication or copyright
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