Korean Word : 시다 Show : shi da English Meaning: 1. sour 2. (formal ending form for "let's", only used when talking to a group) Word Forms:셔요 (shuh yo), 십 (sip) Example Sentences:이제 다같이 원을 그려 봅시다. 저녁 먹으러 나갑시다. 이 포도는 진짜 셔요. Learn Korean and other languages online with our audio flashcard system and various exercises, such as multiple choice tests, writing exercises, games and listening exercises. Click here to Sign Up Free!Or sign up via Facebook with one click: Watch a short Intro by a real user! Basically, the final ending "-어요" is a standard word, and "-에요" is a dialect of 서울(Seoul) of "-어요". For examples, 가다. (to go) 가-시-다 (honorific form of 가다, used with the honorific ending/inffix '-시-' ) 가-시-어요, 가시어요, (the final ending '-어요' is added) 가셔요. (This form is contraction of '가시어요', and this is a standard word) However, the people in Seoul tend to speak it '가세요', not '가셔요'. This form is also granted as a standard word since when the government of Korea admitted it as a standard word in the middle of 1980s. So, both '안녕하셔요' and '안녕하세요' are standard words in Korean now. Consider the past form of them. 안녕하셨어요. (o) 안녕하-시-었-어요. (셨 is shorten form of 시-었) 안녕하셨에요. (x) 안녕하-시-었-에요. (This is wrong) Show your appreciation in a way that likes and stamps can't. By sending a gift to someone, they will be more likely to answer your questions again! If you post a question after sending a gift to someone, your question will be displayed in a special section on that person’s feed. Click here for a Workbook to go along with this lesson. This Lesson is also available in Español and
Русский Jump to: Vocabulary The Imperative Mood Negative Imperative Mood: ~지 말다 Giving Directions Vocabulary Click on the English word to see information and examples of that word in use. You might not be able to understand all of the grammar within the example sentences, but most of the grammar used will be introduced by the end of Unit 2.
Use these sentences to give yourself a feel for how each word can be used, and maybe even to expose yourself to the grammar that you will be learning shortly. A PDF file neatly presenting these words and extra information can be found here. Nouns: Notes: Other ways to say this word are: Common Usages: Examples: 어린아이들은 오줌이 마려우면 바지에 그냥 싸요 오줌을 자주 참으면 방광염에 걸릴 수도 있어요 권력 = power, authority The pronunciation of this word is closer to “궐력” Common Usages: Examples: 수준 = level, standard Common Usages: Examples: 지난 10년 동안 한국 생활수준은 2배로 높아졌어요 캐나다에서 받는 수학교육이 한국보다 수준이 낮아요 한국에서 보통 영어와 수학 수업은 수준별로 진행돼요 학력 = level of education The pronunciation of this word is closer to “항력” Common Usages: Examples: 이력서를 작성할 때 자신의 학력 수준도 적어야 해요 학력이 높을수록 미래에 소득이 더 높을 가능성이 많아요 직원 = employee, staff member Common Usages: Examples: 허가 = permission Common Usages: Examples: 이 땅에 건물을 짓기 위한 허가가 나지 않았기 때문에 건물을 지으면 안돼요 몇몇 나라를 여행할 때 입국허가를 받기 위해서는 미리 비자신청을 해야 해요 보안 = security Common Usages: Examples: 이 아파트의 보안수준을 높이기 위해서는 보안을 강화해야 해요 보안업체에 보안을 맡기면 매달 돈을 내야 해요 = If you want to hand over your security to a security company, you need to pay every month 시선 = one's eyes, one's eye-line Common Usages: Examples: 더욱 행복하고 싶다면 남의 시선을 의식하지
마세요 길을 걷다가 시선이 느껴져서 쳐다보니 귀여운 남자가 저를 보며 서 있었어요 물체 = object Common
Usages: Examples: Verbs: Notes: Notes: 수고하다 is often used when leaving a place of business (like a store or office). Korean people usually say “수고하세요!” which literally
translates to telling somebody to “work hard.” This would be very awkward to say in English, but is common in Korean. Examples: 보통 다른 직원들보다 먼저 퇴근할 때는 “수고하세요”라고 말 하고 나가요 말다 = to not do Notes: In order to make a negative command, ~지 말다 is used. For example: 공부하지 말다 In order to make those constructions a command, you should use an imperative conjugation: 가지 마 = don’t go You can also add ~고 to 말다 to connect the negative command with another clause. The clause after ~지 말고 is typically a positive command. This type of sentence is used when you want to tell somebody what not to do, and then also tell them what they should do. For example: 매일 같은 운동을 하지 말고 많이 쉬세요 = Don’t do the same exercise every day, and get lots of rest In Lesson 73, you will learn how to use “말고” to mean “instead.” This basically translates to “not that, but…” For example: 밥 말고 빵 먹을래요? = Instead of rice, shall we eat bread? In Lesson 106, you will learn how to use 말다 to indicate two options for something – one where an action is done, and another where an action is not done. For example: 우리가 가든지 말든지 나는 신경을 안 써 = I don’t care if we go or not 직진하다 = to go straight The pronunciation of this word is closer to “직찐하다” Common Usages: Examples: 이 길로 쭉 직진하면 그 박물관이 있을 거예요 인생에서는 직진뿐만 아니라 가끔씩은 돌아가는 것도 필요해요 올라가다 = to go up Common Usages: Examples: 저희 집이
언덕에 있어서 매일 이 언덕을 올라가야 해서 힘들어요 이 엘리베이터를 타고 100층에 올라가면 10초밖에 안 걸려요 고향에 갔다가 서울에 올라가는 길에 휴게소에 들렸어요 올라오다 = to come up Examples: 올려다보다 = to look up Examples: 슬기는 키가 작아서 남편을 쳐다볼 때 마다 올려다봐야 해요 콘서트에 가서 뒷좌석에 앉으면 잘 안 보여서 스크린을 올려다 봐요 후들거리다 = to shake, to tremble
Common Usages: Examples: 무서운 장면을 보면 다리가 후들거려서 서 있을 수가 없어요 남용하다 = to abuse The noun form of this word (“남용”) translates to “abuse” Common Usages: Examples: 법의 구멍을 남용해서 이익을 얻는 사람들이 많아요 어떠한 약이라도 필요 이상으로 남용하면 건강에 좋지 않아요 감시하다 = to monitor, to watch The noun form of this word (“감시”) translates to “surveillance” Common Usages: Examples: 이 가게는 비싼 물건을 팔기 때문에 항상 이 가게를 감시하는 사람이 있어요 한국에 공공장소에는 대부분 범죄를 방지하기 위한 감시카메라가 설치되어 있어요 Adjectives: Notes: Notes: ~아/어하다 is sometimes added to adjectives when they describe an emotion experienced by another person. This is discussed more in Lesson 105. Common Usages: Examples: 이 가수가 처음 데뷔 무대에서 노래했을 때 매우 부끄러워했어요 슬퍼하다 = to be sad Notes: Notes: ~아/어하다 is sometimes added to adjectives when they describe an emotion experienced by another person. This is discussed more in Lesson 105. Examples: 동등하다 = to be equal Common Usages: Examples: 유쾌하다 = to be pleasant, to be delightful, to be enjoyable Examples: 온순하다 = to be gentle Notes: This word is sort of a mix between a “nice” personality and something that is “tame” in a way that it is easy to take care of. Therefore, it is kind of strange to use this word directly to describe a person, as it kind of implies that you are “taming” or “controlling” the person. Examples: Adverbs and Other Words: Translation: first, in advance Common Usages: Examples: 하지만 펭귄이 있는 곳은 동물원 입구에서 멀다고 하니 아빠와 나는 우선 다른 동물들을 먼저 봤다 오른 = right Common Usages: Examples: 이번 역은 서울역. 서울역입니다. 내리실 문은 오른 쪽입니다 정답을 모르는 사람은 오른손을 올려 주세요 왼 = left Common Usages: Examples: 줄곧= continuously/constantly/all the time Examples: 가만히 = to be still, to be motionless Notes: As you know, one of the meanings of 있다 (the verb form) is to indicate that one is in or at a location. For example: 저는 집에 있어요 = I am at home In English, we would never apply an imperative conjugation to this type of sentence. For example, if I wanted to tell somebody to “be” at home, I would never say “집에 있어! = Be at home!” In English, I would rather use the word “to stay” to express this. For example: “Stay at home!” However, in Korean it is common to attach an imperative ending to this meaning of 있다 to tell somebody to “stay” somewhere. 가만히 is often used in sentences like this to tell somebody to “stay” still. For example: 가만히 있어! = Stay still!/Don’t move! Example: For help memorizing these words, try using our Memrise tool. Introduction In this lesson, you will learn how to tell people to do things. If you are a grammar buff, you know this as the Imperative Mood. If you’re not so into grammar, this “mood” is used when giving people commands/telling people what to do. You will learn how to do this in Korean, often in conjunction with the word ‘주다,’ which we will talk about in the next lesson. The Imperative Mood There are many (many!) ways to end a sentence. Depending on who you are speaking to (and a whole bunch of other factors) the way you end a sentence can vary tremendously. If you just wanted to say “I will eat rice,” some of the ways you can say this are: 나는 밥을 먹겠다 All of those mean exactly the same thing. In the imperative mood as well, there are many different ways you can give a command to somebody. Let’s cover these from the least formal, to the most formal. Imperative mood: Verb stem + ~아/어(요) The easiest (and least formal) way to give a command in Korean is simply by adding ~아/어 to a verb stem. For example: 밥을 천천히 먹어 = Eat your food
slowly Notice that in both English and Korean, the subject isn’t usually used in a sentence when giving a command. This is because the person you are giving the command to is usually the subject, so it is omitted. You can use this form when you are giving a command to somebody who is younger than you or the same age as you, or somebody who you are close with. Saying something like “빨리 가!” to your superior would most likely warrant a slap in the face. As you probably guessed, adding “~요” to the ends of the sentences above make them more formal. For example, more polite versions of the sentences above would be: 밥을 천천히 먹어요 = Eat your food slowly In that same respect, the formal addition of ~(으)시 could be added to the construction as well. In these cases, ~아/어(요) is added to ~(으)시다. For example:
Notice that these imperative conjugations are no different than any regular present tense conjugation. For example, the following two sentences are simply conjugated into the present tense, but the addition to the verb is exactly the same as an imperative conjugation: 저는 월요일마다 운동해요 = I exercise every Monday In these cases, distinguishing between a regular sentence and an imperative sentence is done through context. When you first learn this, you think it would be impossible to do, but trust me; it is easy to distinguish by considering the situation. Here are some examples using everything presented so far: 이것을 봐 = Look at this 빨리
올라와 = Come up quick 먼저 올라가 = Go up first (you can go up first) 이 길에서 직진해 = Go straight on this road Although they differ in their respective levels of politeness, all of the above are acceptable ways to make a command. That being said, each of the last examples (the one using ~(으)셔요) is less common. Instead, the construction of ~(으)셔요 is often pronounced and written as ~(으)세요, which we will discuss next. Imperative Mood: Verb stem + ~(으)세요 If you have been studying Korean for a while (and if you are here on Lesson 40 you probably have been), you are probably already quite familiar with the ~(으)세요 form. This is one of the first things people learn when they study Korean, but I waited until Lesson 40 to teach it to you. Trust me, there is a method to my madness. In the previous section, you learned how to use ~(으)셔요 as a formal way to make a command. These days, especially in speech but also in basically all forms of Korean, it is much more common to pronounce and write ~(으)셔요 as ~(으)세요. This can only be done when you see ~(으)셔요 and not with any other form that ~(으)시다 can create. For example, each of the following are the same: 가셔요 = 가세요 However, 가셨어요 can not be said as “가셨으세요” I will say it again: Only when you see “~(으)셔요” can you use “~(으)세요. As you learned previously, one of the reasons why you would add “~(으)셔요” to a word is if you were making a command. For example: 이것을 보셔요 = Look at this This means that ~(으)세요 can replace ~(으)셔요 in each of the examples above. For example: 이것을 보세요 = Look
at this More examples: 수고하세요! = Work hard! (A common greeting when people leave a place of
business) Imperative endings are often added to 있다 to command somebody to “stay” in a place or in a state. As you know, 있다 is often an adjective, but there are times when it is considered a verb. When telling somebody to “stay” like this, 있다 is seen as a verb. The fact that it is a verb doesn’t really matter. However, it’s always good to know what types of words you are dealing with. Below are some examples: 집에 있어! = Stay at home (be at home!) The adverb 가만히 (to stay still or to not move) is often used in sentences like this to tell somebody to “stay” still. For example: 가만히 있어! = Stay still!/Don’t move! As you learned in the previous lesson, 계시다 is the formal equivalent of this usage of 있다. When ~아/어요 is added to 계시다 to create a command, the construction 계셔요 is formed which you now know can be presented as “계세요.” This is where the expression “안녕히 계세요” (which translates to “stay in peace”) comes from. The majority of Korean learners don’t know that ~(으)셔요 and ~(으)세요 are equivalent ways to end a sentence. To be honest, you don’t really need to know this. The use of ~(으)세요 in Korean is much more common when making a command so as an early learner of Korean it isn’t immediately important. For now, I would suggest using the ~(으)세요 form when giving a command to a person who deserves respect, but at the same time be aware of the ~(으)셔요 form in case it comes up. Now… this brings us to another problem. ~(으)셔요 can be added to make a command. 나의 엄마는 매일 운동해 = My mother exercises every day But by adding ~(으)시다, the following is also acceptable: 저의 엄마는 매일 운동하셔요 = My mother exercises every day I will say it again: when you see “~(으)셔요” can you use “~(으)세요.” Therefore, the sentence above could also be used as: 저의 엄마는 매일 운동하세요 = My mother exercises every day This can be applied to any situation. For example: 네, 가능하셔요 = Yes, that is possible 이분은 저의 엄마이셔요 = This person is my mother 선생님, 어디 가셔요? = Teacher, where are you going? 그 사람이 언제 오셔요? = When is that person coming? Adding ~(으)세요 (or ~(으)시다 for that matter) to a stem can create irregulars. If it is added to a word that follows the ㄷ irregular, the following occurs: 걷다 = to walk If ~(으)세요 is added to a word that follows the ㅅirregular, the following occurs:: 짓다 = to build Refer back to Lesson 7 on irregulars to review these concepts. One weird thing is that people rarely (if ever) say ~(으)세요 connected to 먹다 (to eat). Instead, it is much more natural to add ~(으)세요 to 들다 (which is a more formal way to say “eat”). Another change occurs when adding ~(으)세요 to verbs that follow the ㄹ irregular: 들다 = to eat (formal) I love tables! Let’s look at another table that shows how words change when ~(으)세요 is added to them. I specifically chose irregular words:
Let’s look at another ending you can use to make a command. Imperative mood: Verb stem + ~아/어라 Another way to give a command in Korean is by adding ~아/어라 to a verb stem. The formality is similar to the ~아/어 form you learned previously. Some examples: 빨리 가라! = Go fast! However, the ~아/어라 form is generally used by much older people (parents or grandparents) when they are giving orders to younger people. As I said, the formality is very similar (if not the same) as using ~아/어, but I would much prefer to use ~아/어 over ~아/어라. One time I said something to my girlfriend like “가라” and she just laughed and said “Who are you? My grandfather?” If you want to give a command to somebody in a formal way, check out the next section. Imperative Mood: Verb stem + ~(으)십시오 Adding ~(으)십시오 to a verb stem is done in the same manner as when adding ~(으)세요. That is, the same irregulars come in to play. However, adding ~(으)십시오 to a verb stem allows you to give a command very formally. You will most likely only use this form in a few circumstances, as it is usually reserved for times when speaking to people who deserve a ridiculous amount of respect. If you were to meet your girlfriend/boyfriend’s grandparents for the very first time, you might use this ending. You will also see it sometimes in government buildings/stores/restaurants on signs telling you to “come again” or stuff like that. For example: Now that you know how to say “do this,” it is time to learn how to say “don’t do this” Negative Imperative Mood: ~지 말다 You can also use the imperative mood to make a negative command. In these sentences, you can tell somebody not do something. These sentences require the use of the word “말다.” 말다 can be used in other situations as well, but I will present those to you as they become important (for example, you will see 말다 used to eliminate a choice in Lesson 73 and used with ~든지 in Lesson 106). When used to make a negative command, ~지 말다 should be added to the stem of a word. For example: 공부하지 말다 In order to make those constructions a command, you should use one of the imperative conjugations that I taught you earlier in the lesson. Let’s look at how this is done with a simple word first. If you want to tell somebody to “go,” you should add one of the many ‘imperative mood’ conjugations to the word “가다.” For example (in order of formality): 가다 + ~아/어 = 가! The same is done when telling somebody not to do something. If you want to tell somebody to “not go,” you should add ~지 말다 and conjugate it using one of the many ‘imperative mood’ conjugations. For example: 1) 가지 말다 + ~아/어 = 가지 말아! 가지 마! Notice that numbers 1, 2 and 3 go against the normal grammatical rules of Korean. 말다 is an irregular verb in this respect and to
my knowledge no other verb follows this pattern. All five of those conjugations are possible. However, the two most common conjugations that you will hear are number 1 and number 4. If you are speaking to somebody informally, you will most likely hear “가지 마.” If you are speaking to somebody formally, you will most likely hear “가지 마세요.” Some examples of this negative imperative mood being used: 너무 빨리 먹지 마세요 = Don’t eat your food too fast! You can see ~지 말다 attached to 내려가다 on a Korean sign in this YouTube video. Before we finish this lesson, let’s talk about some specific ways these imperative sentences can be used. ~지 말고 In Lesson 17, you learned the purpose of adding ~고 to connect two clauses or ideas. For example: 저는 밥을 먹고 갈
거예요 = I will eat then go You can also add ~고 to 말다 to connect the negative command with another clause. The clause after ~지 말고 is typically a positive command. This type of sentence is used when you want to tell somebody what not to do, and then also tell them what they should do. For example: 매일 같은 운동을 하지 말고 많이 쉬세요 = Don’t do the same exercise every day, and get lots of rest Giving Directions Now that you know how to give people commands, you are able to give people directions. Check out the following list for commonly used direction-like sentences: 오른 쪽으로 가세요 = Go right 건물을 지나가서 오른 쪽으로 가세요 = Go past the building, then go right The Imperative Mood with ~아/어 보다 In Lesson 32, you learned how to add ~아/어 보다 to words to create a meaning that is similar to ““attempt/try.” For example, you learned these sentences: 엄마가 요리한 음식을 먹어 봤어? = Did you try the food mom cooked? Just because of the meaning of “attempt,” it is very common to see an imperative ending attached to ~아/어 보다. For example: 그것을 확인해 봐! = Try checking that Although the typical translation of “~아/어 보다” in these cases is “try…” it is often eliminated. For example, this sentence: 이것을 먹어 봐! Could be translated as: “Try eating this!” or just “Eat this!” Especially when used in the least formal imperative form (~아/어 봐), it is very common to see this used simply as a command without any meaning of “try/attempt.” Nonetheless, the meaning of “try/attempt” is often very subtle and doesn’t really change the meaning of much in the sentence. Here are some more examples: 여기 와 보세요 = Come here (Try coming here) That’s it! Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson! Or, |